Covenants of the Bible. Covenants of God. Chasing the Seed.
Podcast Program Transcript
Episode 8: The Mosaic Covenant. Covenants of the Bible. Covenants of God. Chasing the Seed.
Heather M R Olsen
Welcome back, listeners.
We are continuing our covenants series together with Chasing the Seed or tracing the Messiah throughout the Hebrew Bible.
One thing to note regarding the Covenants of God’s in the Bible, is that they are always initiated by Him. We don’t have the power nor clout to initiate anything with God. It’s all His.[i] He offers love and grace, forgiveness and relationship. You and I can either accept it or reject it.
God’s story didn’t end with His Promises in the Abrahamic Covenant.
God continued to unfold His Rescue Plan for the indiscretions that happened in Genesis 3.
But we will need to fast forward through the other patriarchs to get to our next covenant. There is Abraham’s & Sarah’s only son, Isaac, then his son Jacob, who had 12 sons. This included Jacob’s 11th son Joseph, who was sold into slavery into Egypt, and rose to be Prime Minister, the second in command. Joseph was reunited with his family, and he orchestrated the family move to Egypt because of famine in the Land (again). This situates Jacob’s patriarchal family as guests in Pharoah’s land, due to gratitude for Joseph’s saving work in and for Egypt.
A new Pharoah eventually took power. He feared the number of Hebrew people who, “became so numerous that the land was filled with them,” Exodus 1:7. Consequently, this Pharoah dealt shrewdly with the Hebrew people. Pharoah and his minions, “put slave masters over [the Hebrew people] to oppress them with forced labor,” Ex 1:11. They were worked ruthlessly.
Do you remember when God had put Abram to sleep, as He ratified the Abrahamic Covenant?
Genesis 15:12-13 12 As the sun was setting, Abram fell into a deep sleep, and a thick and dreadful darkness came over him. 13 Then the Lord said to him, “Know for certain that for four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own and that they will be enslaved and mistreated there.”
God had warned Abram that his descendants would be slaves—for 400 years—and here they were. Fulfilled prophecy.
But God used this unfortunate situation in Egypt to grow His nation. God can and does use what you and I consider bad situations to accomplish His good works. He can and does also use trials to fine tune and refine us.
None of this means that God causes these bad situations, by the way There are many verses of encouragement in the Bible, for all of us, when we struggle. These words aren’t a trite fix, but a firm reminder of God’s Presence in our lives.
A couple verses are as follows:
Romans 8:26 In the same way, the Spirit helps us in our weakness. We do not know what we ought to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us through wordless groans.
James 1:12 Blessed is the one who perseveres under trial because, having stood the test, that person will receive the crown of life that the Lord has promised to those who love him.
Romans 5:3-5 We also glory in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance; perseverance, character; and character, hope. And hope does not put us to shame, because God’s love has been poured out into our hearts through the Holy Spirit, who has been given to us.
Isaiah 43:2 When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and when you pass through the rivers, they will not sweep over you. When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned; the flames will not set you ablaze.
James 1:2-4 Consider it pure joy, my brothers and sisters, whenever you face trials of many kinds, because you know that the testing of your faith produces perseverance. Let perseverance finish its work so that you may be mature and complete, not lacking anything.
John 16:33 “I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.”
Psalm 23:4 Even though I walk through the darkest valley, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me.
Romans 8:28 And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose.
1 Peter 1:6-7 In all this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. These have come so that the proven genuineness of your faith—of greater worth than gold, which perishes even though refined by fire—may result in praise, glory and honor when Jesus Christ is revealed.
Save those verses for times of trial.
This Hebrew nation in Egypt was going through major times of trial. It is also the nation God built through Abraham and Sarah. This is the Nation that God had promised, the beginning of the descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky, that would bring The Seed, hazerah. God alone would bring this nation back to the Land, miracle after miracle.
We call the release of the Israelites from slavery in this biblical narrative, The Exodus. Without going into that entire story today complete with the first Passover, we will begin our Mosaic Covenant later in the narrative, in the “midbar” מדבר, Hebrew for “desert” or “lonely place,” but can also be translated as “wilderness.”[ii]
3 months after exiting Egypt, in Exodus 19, the Hebrew people or Israelites arrived at Mount Sinai. Mount Sinai is considered one of the most sacred sites in Israel’s history.[iii] A few major events happened here on Mt Sinai.
- Moses had already met God at the “burning bush” here [Exodus 3], a bush that was on fire but never consumed.
- And later in the Bible, the Prophet Elijah would also meet with God here, in God’s manifestation being a gentle whisper [1 Kings 19:8-12].
But now it is at Mount Sinai that we find the setting of the covenant God cut with Moses and the Israelites.
This Mosaic Covenant is often referred to as the “old” covenant or Deuteronomic Covenant. God gave this covenant plus 613 “teachings and instructions” to the Israelites. Our church Bibles most often translate “torah” תורה as “law” when a more accurate translation would be “teachings/instructions.”
God promised blessings in obedience and consequences or discipline in disobedience
Remember, the Abrahamic and Noahic covenants, were and are Unconditional Covenants. The consequences to sin in the Garden as proposed in the Adamic Covenant would one day the be reversed.
This covenant with Moses was a unique one, different than the previous covenants. The Mosaic Covenant was also similar to covenants of the time period, reflective of something called a Suzerain-Vassal Treaty. In a Suzerain-Vassal treaty or covenant, there are still 2 parties. One, however, is a superior party, the other an inferior party. In our narrative, this treaty or covenant is between God, the Suzerain, and the nation of Israel, the vassal.
The Suzerain in this covenant also serves as Father and King. The Vassal, Israel, needed to obey God and recognize what God had done for them, a theme repeated over and over in the Hebrew Bible. God, the Suzerain, gave stipulations to Israel, the Vassal, for entering the Land which included a promise of enjoying and staying in the land with obedience.
In general with this type of covenant, my Tanakh professor indicated that, “if broken, the covenant would be void and a curse would be on the person who broke it.”[iv]
The Mosaic Law was given for a purpose, these stipulations enabled so the Israelites could enjoy fellowship with God. God had a unique and intimate relationship with Israel. But why would God rescue the Israelites from slavery? Why does the biblical narrative record this or care?
Let’s remember the first clue that God gave an eternal promise to Abraham. The Hebrew Nation had directly descended from the Patriarchs, beginning with Abraham. God had even prophesied to Abraham that this slavery would happen for 400 years, and this was to be the next chapter in the narrative of God’s Story. It was time, now, for God’s story to continue.
We will begin reading by Exodus 19, the arrival at Mount Sinai and preparation for the Mosaic covenant. God had already established Moses as the mediator for this covenant with the people. God chose this nation to become holy, to be the beacon of Hope that reveals the God of Creation to the nations. Fast forward into the future, the Scriptures will come from this nation, as will the Messiah. And so we continue to Chase the Seed.
Jesus’ words are recorded in John 5:39 that, [You] study the Scriptures diligently because you think that in them you have eternal life. These are the very Scriptures that testify about me.”
These Scriptures attest Jesus’ rescue mission, testimony and eventual arrival on earth. Let’s begin with Moses’ and God’s conversation.
Bible readers, open your Bible to:
Ex 19:3-17
3 Then Moses went up to God, and the Lord called to him from the mountain and said, “This is what you are to say to the descendants of Jacob and what you are to tell the people of Israel: 4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt, and how I carried you on eagles’ wings and brought you to myself. 5 Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my treasured possession. Although the whole earth is mine, 6 you will be for me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words you are to speak to the Israelites.”
7 So Moses went back and summoned the elders of the people and set before them all the words the Lord had commanded him to speak. 8 The people all responded together, “We will do everything the Lord has said.” So Moses brought their answer back to the Lord.
Of course Moses did, but God had heard these words as well. This made me smile.
More conversation between God and Moses:
9 The Lord said to Moses, “I am going to come to you in a dense cloud, so that the people will hear me speaking with you and will always put their trust in you.” Then Moses told the Lord what the people had said.
Do you hear the superlatives in this conversation? Words such as “all” several times, and “everything,” “always,” and “fully.” The people’s intentions were on track.
10 And the Lord said to Moses, “Go to the people and consecrate them today and tomorrow. Have them wash their clothes 11 and be ready by the third day, because on that day the Lord will come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people. 12 Put limits for the people around the mountain and tell them, ‘Be careful that you do not approach the mountain or touch the foot of it. Whoever touches the mountain is to be put to death. 13 They are to be stoned or shot with arrows; not a hand is to be laid on them. No person or animal shall be permitted to live.’ Only when the ram’s horn [Shofar] sounds a long blast may they approach the mountain.”
14 After Moses had gone down the mountain to the people, he consecrated them, and they washed their clothes. 15 Then he said to the people, “Prepare yourselves for the third day. Abstain from sexual relations.”
16 On the morning of the third day there was thunder and lightning, with a thick cloud over the mountain, and a very loud trumpet blast. Everyone in the camp trembled. 17 Then Moses led the people out of the camp to meet with God, and they stood at the foot of the mountain.
So consecration: the people were to get ready to meet God.
What does “consecrate” mean?
Merriam-Webster:
Consecrate:
1: dedicated to a sacred purpose
2a: to make or declare sacred
Especially:to devote irrevocably to the worship of God by a solemn ceremony[v]
Biblically we can read in Exodus 13 that consecrate meant to “sacrifice something or to set something apart as belonging to God.” Firstborn males were to be consecrated, both human and animal.[vi] To be set apart is to belong to God.
So the Israelite nation was to wash themselves, their clothes, & abstain from sexual relations. This was going to be a special occasion and physically preparing for the occasion this way also helped them realize that this was no ordinary event. They needed to get their hearts ready as well. God was going to visibly come down the mountain to meet with the people.
Thunder. Lightening. A thick cloud.
They were to prepare themselves as holy: their bodies, hearts, and minds.
Part of the deal with God, was that Israel was to be distinct and separate.
That was the covenantal stipulation: [Ex 19:5] that, “If they obey [God] fully and keep [His] covenant, out of all the nations, [the Israelites] will be [His] treasured possession.”
They were to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.
Following, in Exodus 20, God gave a gamut of details regarding the stipulations in the 10 Commandments also known as the Decalogue. One big part of obedience was a prohibition of intermarriage with the pagan nations. (Deut 7) They were also to have no other gods before the God of Israel, no carved images, do not misuse God’s name, honor the Sabbath, don’t hurt others, honor their parents. Again, they were to live a holy, life of mission, and to be a light to the nations.
The covenant was sealed and confirmed in Exodus 24.
Exodus 24:3-8
3 When Moses went and told the people all the Lord’s words and laws [teachings/instructions], they responded with one voice, “Everything the Lord has said we will do.” 4 Moses then wrote down everything the Lord had said.
He got up early the next morning and built an altar at the foot of the mountain and set up twelve stone pillars representing the twelve tribes of Israel. 5 Then he sent young Israelite men, and they offered burnt offerings and sacrificed young bulls as fellowship offerings to the Lord. 6 Moses took half of the blood and put it in bowls, and the other half he splashed against the altar. 7 Then he took the Book of the Covenant and read it to the people. They responded, “We will do everything the Lord has said; we will obey.”
There is that superlative again, “everything.” “We will do everything the Lord has said; we will obey.””
We sure have good intentions when we are in the moment. We will soon learn that the intentions of the Israelites were not carried out.
Little Heather used to think the Israelites were just slow learners, right? In fact a friend of mine just verbalized that as well, with all of the incredible miracles God did for them as they left Egypt and survived the 40 years in the desert, why didn’t they stick to obedience?! God had clearly proven Himself!
In defense of the Israelites, and personalizing it myself, I often articulate how frequently I forget God’s miracles in my life. I finally started writing them down in a journal, because no matter how big they are, the next week comes and I get busy and poof, the memory is gone. It is important to remember all of the good God does in our lives. He is active daily. And we often take Him for granted.
Let’s continue in Deuteronomy.
Deuteronomy 31:24-27 24 After Moses finished writing in a book the words of this law [teachings/instructions] from beginning to end, 25 he gave this command to the Levites who carried the ark of the covenant of the Lord: 26 “Take this Book of the Law and place it beside the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God. There it will remain as a witness against you. 27 For I know how rebellious and stiff-necked you are. If you have been rebellious against the Lord while I am still alive and with you, how much more will you rebel after I die!
28 Moses then took the blood, sprinkled it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.”
Hear and read those last words. This is the blood of the covenant – the BLOOD OF THE COVENANT. What does it remind you of?
You see in each of these covenants of God, we can’t help but see the New Covenant! Each of these verses use God’s terminology, “Blood of the Covenant.” Jesus used these words with his disciples while celebrating the Passover with them on the night of his arrest!
I will give references where you can find these words in the New Testament, but also refer to my website, Illuminationhebrewinsights.com to find the written form.
God is consistent and has a plan. Since the book of Genesis!
Each of the below verses talks about the “blood of the covenant,” or the “new covenant,” or “new covenant in my blood,” or “the blood of the eternal covenant.”
Matthew 26:28 This is my blood of thecovenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.
Mark 14:24 “This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many,” he said to them.
1 Corinthians 11:25 In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.”
Hebrews 9:20 He said, “This is the blood of the covenant, which God has commanded you to keep.”
Hebrews 10:29 How much more severely do you think someone deserves to be punished who has trampled the Son of God underfoot, who has treated as an unholy thing the blood of the covenant that sanctified them, and who has insulted the Spirit of grace?
Hebrews 12:24 to Jesus the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks a better word than the blood of Abel.
Hebrews 13:20 Now may the God of peace, who through the blood of the eternal covenant brought back from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great Shepherd of the sheep,
The foundation of this conditional covenant is the Abrahamic unconditional covenant.
So the book of Deuteronomy.
Why did God repeat Himself in the book of Deuteronomy? If you read Exodus through Deuteronomy, this book is like the previous three books in the Torah. Deuteronomy was written to remind the people of what God had done and encourage a rededication of their lives. In fact, reminding and rededication is pertinent to all of us!
Also, this was the next generation of Israelites who were about to enter the Promised Land, Canaan. Only 2 of the original Israelites got the privilege to enter the Promised Land, Joshua and Caleb. The rest died in the desert. Why? Short answer, it was their unbelief and disobedience. Repeated disobedience.
Deuteronomy then was a restating of the Covenant for the next generation. It was and is also, sweet and tender reminders to Israel. Like a mother, with kiddos going off to school. Make good choices – eat your vegetables – wear your coat – play nicely.
Also contained in Deuteronomy, specifically chapter 5, is the Decalogue plus other principles for godly living.
Then we have the ultimate prayer of the Jewish people entitled the Shema found in Deuteronomy 6:4-6. In Hebrew, Shema means to “hear, listen, obey” שׁמע.
4 Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. 5 Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength. 6 These commandments that I give you today are to be on your hearts. 7 Impress them on your children. Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up. 8 Tie them as symbols on your hands and bind them on your foreheads. 9 Write them on the doorframes of your houses and on your gates.
Moving along, we can read in Deuteronomy 28 & 29 again, that God had promised blessings in obedience, consequences for disobedience. God reminded the people to,“9Carefully follow the terms of this covenant, so that you may prosper in everything you do.” Deuteronomy 29:9
Finally:
Deuteronomy 30:6 6 The Lord your God will circumcise your hearts and the hearts of your descendants, so that you may love him with all your heart and with all your soul, and live.
Deuteronomy 30:19 19 This day I call the heavens and the earth as witnesses against you that I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life, so that you and your children may live 20 and that you may love the Lord your God, listen to his voice, and hold fast to him. For the Lord is your life, and he will give you many years in the land he swore to give to your fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
Deuteronomy 31:6 6 Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid or terrified because of them, for the Lord your God goes with you; he will never leave you nor forsake you.”
Deuteronomy 31:8 8 The Lord himself goes before you and will be with you; he will never leave you nor forsake you. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged.”
Deuteronomy 31:23 23 The Lord gave this command to Joshua son of Nun: “Be strong and courageous, for you will bring the Israelites into the land I promised them on oath, and I myself will be with you.
Powerful words and promises from God.
Yet, the Mosaic Covenant is tricky. Parts are fulfilled, parts are not technically relevant, parts are still in effect. Yet, some churches say the Mosaic code is nullified or obsolete, some say it is a tripart division (ceremonial, civil, and moral) with only a section still pertinent, others say it is allegorized.[vii]
Jesus said in Matthew 5:17, “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.”
Nullify? Obsolete? Abolish? Replace? These are words used by some churches.
Jesus said fulfilled.
Jesus came to fulfill the Tanakh, which speaks of Him throughout beginning to end. I continue to direct you back to our first covenant podcast, about the beginning in Genesis, as God laid the foundation of His soon-to-be rescue plan.
If we were to break down the “Law” (“teachings/instructions”) into a tripart division- ceremonial, civil and moral- where does this leave us?
- Ceremonially, were the instructions for worship, the sacrificial system, the tabernacle and the temple, they are no longer valid. Jesus was our final sacrifice. We can come to God personally without an intercessor. In contrast, the Israelites needed to come through the priest to approach God with their sacrifices to be cleansed from sin.
- Some sources say the celebration of the 7 Feasts of the LORD is included in fulfilled ceremonial laws as well. I disagree, and we will dig into the Feasts in another podcast series in the near future. Half of the Feasts are fulfilled, the spring feasts, but stay tuned! It’s exciting what God has done in the Feasts! Showing us and telling us! That was your teaser!
- Civil laws would be how the people dealt with others, justice, judgment, actual laws of the land.
- God made it clear that the Israelites were to be different, to be a beacon of light to the nations. Perhaps these laws sound archaic now but at the time, they evolved the people and this nation into a higher civil status.
- Moral laws would be summarized in the 10 commandments- how we respond to God, honoring the Sabbath, and how we treat others. These are ongoing.
In this case, fulfilled would be ceremonial instructions. Of course we will dive into this more fully in the New Covenant and realistically, I am continually learning about this. I am trying to soak in knowledge from the Bible, and not from the myriads of denominations out there.
These guidelines God gave the nation of Israel at Mt Sinai included instructions in how they approach Him, how they lived their lives, how they treated others. There were blessings and relationship with God with obedience. Consequences with disobedience.
The Israelites, like Adam and Eve, and all the humans mentioned in the Bible, failed miserably. We all fail miserably. God had barely given His instructions to them before they built a golden calf and broke commandments.
Israel broke their end of the deal.
Adam and Eve broke their ends of the deal.
You and I break our ends of the deal.
God cannot look on sin.
Sin deserves death.
The spilling of blood.
God required the animal sacrificial system as a visual of what was needed to atone for this sin. But the animal sacrifices were temporary fixes and needed to be repeated.
In reality, there was a huge debt owed when Jesus arrived – a 1500-year-old debt dating back to the Israelites in the desert. Or, how about the debt that takes us back to the Garden. We don’t know how many years that debt was, but it was way older.
This blood-spilled visual for the people and for all of us is striking.
We need a Rescuer. We cannot do this alone. Just like the Israelites.
This sacrificial part of the Covenant was appeased or atoned by the death of Jesus in the New Covenant [coming soon].
Yet the rest of the Mosaic code, or covenant with God is still in the works.
God gave us commandments. 10 of them. Summed up in the 2 greatest commands that Jesus also taught:
Love the LORD our God with all our hearts, souls, and minds and the second greatest, to love our neighbor as ourselves.
Granted as believers we don’t live under the condemnation of death if we break these commandments, but we are still bound by these morals. Our lives are to reflect our faith in the LORD and love of Him and others.
Gratefully, then, we can read in 1 Peter 2:9, 9 But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s special possession, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. 10 Once you were not a people, but now you are the people of God; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.
This chosen status has reached us non-Jewish believers now. We are the Nations.
But wrapping up the Mosaic Covenant, God gave a strong reminder to the people.
Deuteronomy 30:15 15 See, I set before you today life and prosperity, death and destruction. 16 For I command you today to love the Lord your God, to walk in obedience to him, and to keep his commands, decrees and laws; then you will live and increase, and the Lord your God will bless you in the land you are entering to possess.
19 This day I call the heavens and the earth as witnesses against you that I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life, so that you and your children may live 20 and that you may love the Lord your God, listen to his voice, and hold fast to him. For the Lord is your life, and he will give you many years in the land he swore to give to your fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
The sign of this covenant?
Ezekiel 20:12 I gave them my Sabbaths as a sign between us, so they would know that I the Lord made them holy.
- Who is the covenant between? GOD and nation of Israel
- Are there stipulations? Obey God and keep relationship with Him disobey and there are consequences.
- Is there a sign of the covenant? The Exodus[viii], the Sabbath
- Is the covenant conditional or unconditional? Conditional
- How long will this covenant last? forever? Until New Covenant
The Prophet, Jeremiah, proclaimed the many ways Israel had broken this Mosaic covenant with God, the conditional, if/then covenant. Consequently, the Israelites, both Israel and Judah, faced God’s promised consequences, His judgment. Both kingdoms were exiled. The northern kingdom of Israel exiled to Assyria, and the southern kingdom of Judah exiled to Babylon. It was dire and bleak, just as God said it would be back in the book of Exodus. But God does not abandon His people. Then nor now.
Rather than end on a low note, let’s close with some prophecy.
Jeremiah 31:31-34
31 “The days are coming,” declares the Lord, “when I will make a new covenant with the people of Israel and with the people of Judah.
32 It will not be like the covenant I made with their ancestors
when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they broke my covenant, though I was a husband to them,” declares the Lord.
33 “This is the covenant I will make with the people of Israel after that time,” declares the Lord. “I will put my law in their minds and write it on their hearts. I will be their God, and they will be my people.
34 No longer will they teach their neighbor, or say to one another, ‘Know the Lord,’
because they will all know me, from the least of them to the greatest,”
declares the Lord.
“For I will forgive their wickedness and will remember their sins no more.”
Choose Life, friends. For the Lord is your life.
Thanks for joining –
See you next time with the Davidic Covenant.
**Heather!
©2024 Heather M R Olsen, Illumination: Hebrew Insights. All rights reserved. 
[i] Lifelight, lecture leaders, Concordia Press, Mark study, pg 21.
[ii] Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt. Basics of Biblical Hebrew: Grammar. Zondervan, 2007, pg 269.
[iii] Life Application Study Bible: NIV. Biblical commentary. Zondervan; Tyndale House Publishers, Inc, 2021, pg 122.
[iv] Michael Gabizon. “The Mosaic Covenant.” The King’s University. Fall, 2021.
[v] Merriam-Webster, “America’s Most Trusted Dictionary.” www.merriam-webster.com/. “Consecrate,” Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.
[vi] Life Application Study Bible: NIV. Biblical commentary. Zondervan; Tyndale House Publishers, Inc, 2021, pg 112.
[vii] Michael Gabizon. “The Mosaic Covenant.” The King’s University. Fall, 2021.
[viii] Life Application Study Bible: NIV. Biblical commentary. Zondervan; Tyndale House Publishers, Inc, 2021, pg 468.
Other sources:
BibleGateway.Com, A Searchable Online Bible in over 150 Versions and 50 Languages., www.biblegateway.com/. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.
Bible Hub, Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages, biblehub.com/. Accessed 15 Aug. 2024.
