Covenants of God. Covenants of the Bible. Chasing the Seed.
Podcast Program Transcript
Episode 10: New Covenant Covenants of the Bible. Covenants of God. Chasing the Seed
Heather M R Olsen
Welcome to the culmination covenant and the moment we’ve all been waiting for in this series; the New Covenant. We’ve come a long way!
Let’s quick review:
Adamic…foreshadowing of the Messiah – the rescue plan laid out because of the first disobedience in the Garden
Noahic… foreshadowing God’s eternal promises are unbroken and His love for humanity is secur
Abrahamic…The foundational covenant, outlining the eternal promises of the Seed, the Land, the Nation, and the Nations! Lots of promises and foreshadowing.
Mosaic…The Nation given instructions and morals on how to approach God, others and the consequences for sin which needs a blood atonement. This foreshadowing and picture language reminded the Nation and us that sin needs to be atoned.
Davidic…there will be an everlasting dynasty and throne through the line of David.
Each of these covenants are initiated by God. They are intertwined to set the foundation of the greatest narrative in the history of humanity. Before we start our New Covenant, let’s begin with some background, in the Genealogy of Jesus the Messiah.
The Gospel writer, Matthew, found it paramount to prove to his audience of Jewish Believers that Jesus is the long-awaited Messiah. Because of this genealogy, this gospel was placed first in the lineup of four gospels in New Testament canon, a great way to begin the Good News of the Messiah.
Little Heather thought this first part of Matthew was so boring. Like, who cares about these people. I only knew of a couple of them. Yet in Jewish tradition and the ancient near east mindset, who you were and who you belonged to, proved your worth. The Israelites took ancestry very seriously. So, with this in mind, and in typical Jewish fashion for someone important, Matthew opened up his Gospel with a bang[i]
Matthew recorded the genealogy in three sections. We will begin with section one, so Bible readers, please open your Bible to Matthew 1:1-6.
1 This is the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah, the son of David, the son of Abraham: 2 Abraham was the father of Isaac, Isaac the father of Jacob, Jacob the father of Judah and his brothers, 3 Judah the father of Perez and Zerah (whose mother was Tamar, Perez the father of Hezron, Hezron the father of Ram, 4 Ram the father of Amminadab, Amminadab the father of Nahshon, Nahshon the father of Salmon, 5 Salmon the father of Boaz, whose mother was Rahav, Boaz the father of Obed, whose mother was Ruth, Obed the father of Yisay/Jesse, 6 and Jesse, the father of King David.
We will stop there for now but let’s go back as I add my editorials. Also, count how many “generations” are listed. Keep in mind, in the ancient near east mindset, “father of” also means “ancestor of” so please don’t get hung up on some generations missing.
Matthew 1:1-6
1 This is the genealogy of Jesus the Messiah (Christ, Anointed One) the son of David, the son of Abraham: Notice the order, not chronological with Abraham first, but “Son of David” listed first. Matthew referenced Jesus’ kingly status first in His title, then the importance of His blood descendant, Abraham, in God’s promise of the Land, the Seed, and the Blessing of the Nations through him. Matthew’s Jewish discourse touches on 2 major covenants that God made in the Hebrew Scriptures, the Davidic covenant and the Abrahamic covenant.[ii] Matthew wrote that Jesus’ lineage had deep roots in our Old Testament/Hebrew Bible history, and he wanted his readers to know without a doubt that God’s proof in Jesus’ lineage is God’s proof of His unwavering promises.[iii]
2 Abraham was the father of Isaac, Isaac the father of Jacob, Jacob the father of Judah
and his brothers, The name we don’t see here in “and his brothers” is Joseph, my favorite of the sons. God chose Joseph for a different purpose rather than the line of the Messiah. Joseph’s job was to preserve and grow the nation of Israel while in Egypt. But God chose Judah’s line, brother 4 of the 12, to produce the King of Kings, hence his name in this genealogy. Being the 4th son of Jacob, Judah was also the son of Jacob’s first wife, Leah. Jacob was actually in love with Leah’s younger sister, Rachel. Biblically, Leah is described as having “weak eyes.” Though translators often translate the Hebrew word is רַכּ֑וֹת (rak·kō·wṯ) (feminine plural) as “weak,” it actually means, “tender, delicate, soft, gentle.” [iv] We can read a beautiful and heartbreaking observation of God’s in Genesis 30:31-35.
31 When the Lord saw that Leah was not loved, he enabled her to conceive, but Rachel remained childless. 32 Leah became pregnant and gave birth to a son. She named him Reuben for she said, “It is because the Lord has seen my misery. Surely my husband will love me now.” 33 She conceived again, and when she gave birth to a son she said, “Because the Lord heard that I am not loved, he gave me this one too.” So she named him Simeon. 34 Again she conceived, and when she gave birth to a son she said, “Now at last my husband will become attached to me, because I have borne him three sons.” So he was named Levi. 35 She conceived again, and when she gave birth to a son she said, “This time I will praise the Lord.” So she named him Judah.
Judah’s name, Yehudah, is derived from the Hebrew verb, “yada.” Yada is to “praise” or “be thankful,” “especially to revere or worship with extended hands.”[v] “Yad” in Hebrew means “hand.” Leah went from trying to get her husband to love her, with each son she bore, to changing her focus to God, and praising Him with this fourth son. God honored her greatly, by including her fourth son, Judah, in His Son’s genealogy. Leah is also one of the four named “Matriarchs” in Judaism: Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, then Rachel.
See the incredible hidden detail in this genealogy? Let’s continue in verse 3.
3 Judah the father of Perez and Zerah (they were twins, remember Zerah is seed in Hebrew. Was this name a play on words? Zerah was not in the line of The Seed, Perez was,) whose mother was Tamar. She is the first named woman in Jesus’ genealogy, wife of Judah.
Perez the father of Hezron, Hezron the father of Ram,
4 Ram the father of Amminadab, Amminadab the father of Nahshon, Nahshon the father of Salmon,
5 Salmon the father of Boaz, whose mother was Rahav. We call her Rahab in our Christian Bibles. She was a gentile, the prostitute who hid the spies in Jericho, saving their lives, which allowed the Israelites to conquer Jericho. This is all in the book of Joshua.
Back to our genealogy.
Boaz the father of Obed, whose mother was Root. This is Ruth, who has a book in the Bible named after her and her story. She was from the enemy nation of Moab.
Obed the father of Jesse Yisay is a popular inclusion in Christmas Carols. We’ve already met Jesse in the Davidic Covenant podcast.
6 and Jesse, the father of King David.
How many generations has Matthew listed so far? Were you able to follow that while I had my extra explanations? I’ll just tell you there are 14 generations listed.
This first section of Jesus’ genealogy lists 3 women, 2 are gentiles, one a prostitute from the enemy pagan city of Jericho, one from an enemy pagan nation Moab.
Why did God [through gospel writer, Matthew] include these women?
There is plenty of foreshadowing in these verses alone. There are gentiles, known sinners, women, all underlings in the culture of the time. And as we unpack the New Covenant, realizing that God will make all things new again, God foreshadows that women, gentiles, anyone the world considers an underling, will be renewed! Remember one of the curses pronounced on Eve in the Garden, was that her husband “will rule over you.”
God is foreshadowing this Great Reversal through the coming of the Messiah!
The inclusion of these categories are clues to God’s Sovereign plan.
God has no social barriers.
He has no sin barriers, gender, race nor poverty barriers; he included pagan-turned-believers and respectable Jews in Jesus’ ancestry.
This alone prepares the reader for the inclusion of those of us as gentiles into the Messiah’s family! Which takes us way back to the Adamic covenant, the great reversal, man and woman one day will be partners again, with the Abrahamic covenant which will include the Nations.
Jesus the Christ, or Yeshua HaMeshiach, was prophesied throughout the Hebrew Scriptures.
The word Genealogy means:
“Account of the origin,” “ancestors,” or “toledote”[vi] in Hebrew. These translations help us understand that this is not an exhaustive list but rather hits intentional highlights.
Matthew is preparing us that we are about to be given the final origin story. The answer to what God has been doing this whole time in the Bible, all the way back since Genesis. It’s personal. God has named each of these descendants as He names each of us.
Let’s pick up with Matthew 1:7-17, the second section of the origin story, this genealogy. Keep counting generations if it doesn’t get too confusing.
David was the father of Solomon, whose mother had been Uriah’s wife,
7 Solomon the father of Rehoboam,
Rehoboam the father of Abijah,
Abijah the father of Asa,
8 Asa the father of Jehoshaphat,
Jehoshaphat the father of Jehoram,
Jehoram the father of Uzziah,
9 Uzziah the father of Jotham,
Jotham the father of Ahaz,
Ahaz the father of Hezekiah,
10 Hezekiah the father of Manasseh,
Manasseh the father of Amon,
Amon the father of Josiah,
11 and Josiah the father of Jeconiah and his brothers at the time of the exile to Babylon.
Another 14 generations! If you go on in the Bible from King David, to his son Solomon, you can encounter many of these kings as the kingdom after Solomon was torn in two, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.
There is another woman listed in this section, yet she remains unnamed. She is Bathsheba. Her original husband, Uriah, is honored and named. David’s and Bathsheba’s narrative was one of King David’s terrible, escalated debacles. God forgave he and Bathsheba after their repentance, but the consequences of their sin remained. Yet, God still included Bathsheba’s presence in the Genealogy.
The third section of Jesus’ ancestry starts up after the Babylonian exile.
12 After the exile to Babylon:
Jeconiah was the father of Shealtiel,
Shealtiel the father of Zerubbabel,
13 Zerubbabel the father of Abihud,
Abihud the father of Eliakim,
Eliakim the father of Azor,
14 Azor the father of Zadok,
Zadok the father of Akim,
Akim the father of Elihud,
15 Elihud the father of Eleazar,
Eleazar the father of Matthan,
Matthan the father of Jacob,
16 and Jacob the father of Joseph, the husband of Mary, and Mary was the mother of Jesus who is called the Messiah.
Zerubbabel was the re-builder of the temple after Babylon had razed it. He along with Nehemiah, the political leader and Ezra, the spiritual leader, were instrumental in piecing Jerusalem and the returned Nation back together. Last, one more woman, Mary, the mother of Jesus.
BUT onto verse 17,
17 Thus there were fourteen generations in all from Abraham to David, fourteen from David to the exile to Babylon, and fourteen from the exile to the Messiah.
Jewish Matthew used Gematria in the ancestry of Jesus, emphasizing covenants and Jesus’ Kingly status. First, he divided the genealogy into three segments followed by 14 generations in each, as we just read. There is a logical and fascinating reason!
First the Covenants.
There are three sections of ancestors. Each highlights a different Covenant of the LORD יהוה.
- Section one highlights The Abrahamic Covenant, as it begins with Abraham and ends with David
- Section two highlights The Davidic Covenant, as we have David to the exile of the Jewish nations
- Section three highlights The New Covenant, which is a return from exile, rebuilding Jerusalem to the Messiah[vii]
- The Abrahamic Covenant encompasses God’s promise to Abraham of Land, the Seed and a Blessing to the Nations.
- The Davidic Covenant promises that God would bring through King David a better and perfect King to fulfill the promises of a dynasty and royalty.
- The New Covenant introduces this Royal King who would accomplish the redemption of His people by the shedding His blood, the final atonement for sin fulfilling the Mosaic Covenant’s sacrificial, ceremonial system.
Also, pertaining to Gematria, Jewish Gospel writer Matthew expanded on the meaning of the number three. Biblically, three consistently indicates “divine wholeness/ divine presence, divine perfection/connection/spiritual activity.”[viii] I found 381 mentions of three in my Bible search.[ix] God was preparing us that something Divine and Exciting was about to happen here!
Matthew neatly then arranged these ancestors into groupings of 7 for a couple of reasons.
Remember, we have 14 descendants per section.
Seven is the biblical number for “perfection.” Twice seven would be 14 ancestors. I found 518 sevens in my Bible search.[x]
Going on, David is the actual named 14th descendent in Matthew’s genealogy.
Stay with me. Besides significance of numbers, with Gematria, in the Hebrew language, consonants are numbered.
This alphanumeric code assigns a numerical value to a name, word or phrase according to its letters. Gematria sums can involve single words or a string of lengthy calculations.[xi] Fortunately, Gematria math is super simple (Thank you Matthew).
Let’s calculate a name.
The letter D, or Dalit in Hebrew, is represented by the number 4. V, or Vav in Hebrew, is represented by the number 6 and back to D, dalet, which is 4.
Simple addition:
4 + 6 + 4 = 14
D+V+D = DVD
Hebrew is a consonantal language and does not have written vowels.
We can calculate the numeric value for David’s name is 14.[xii]
We have this 3 times!
Matthew may have been cleverly stylizing this genealogy stressing Jesus as the son of David, yet greater than David. Regardless, this title, Son of David, has royal connotations. But certainly we know that God’s promises and God’s covenants lead to fulfillment in Jesus. We have been saying this all along in the Covenants series.
However, this list of Jesus’ lineage outlines flawed and sinful people. Back to Little Heather, I often wondered why God chose such flawed people to be in the Bible. Couldn’t they get anything right? Who were supposed to pattern our lives after?
Now, contrary to Little Heather, I am grateful God used flawed people as we are all flawed. This validates my sinful nature and makes me worthy to be in Jesus’ genealogy. God uses and calls each of us as He wills. Remember how he equips the called, not calls the equipped? Nothing Jesus did for us is according to our own merit – neither Adam’s & Eve’s, Noah’s, Abraham’s & Sarah’s, Moses’, not even David’s merit.[xiii]
We are all ordinary people used by God in unexpected ways![xiv]
After the genealogy of Jesus, we continue with prophecy regarding His arrival here on earth. The angel of the LORD יהוה gave Jesus’ earthly father, Joseph, 2 important names for this child. The first is Jesus’ Hebrew name, Yeshua. It literally means “Salvation” or “Salvation from God.” Yeshua is God’s Rescue Mission to Earth on our behalf, because of the mess that started in the Garden in Genesis. We learned at the start that we need this Rescuer, and this Great Reversal. Jesus is God’s plan for sinners to have access to Him with renewed fellowship.
The second name given to Joseph is “Immanuel.” Hebrew is such an efficient language, that combines a syllable into a root word, creating prefixes and suffixes for pronouns, prepositions, etc. Let’s parse the Hebrew name, Immanuel, proving my statement.
Im = preposition, “with”
Nu = pronoun, “us”
El = shortened name for Elohim or “God”
“With us God” Or “God with us.”
God’s Salvation became human and lived among us.
We can read about these prophesied names in,
Matthew 1:20-22. “She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.” All this took place to fulfill what the Lord had said through the prophet: “The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and they will call him Immanuel” (which means “God with us”).
This prophet was Isaiah, prophesying 800 years before Yeshua’s birth. As always, this was more than a lucky guess or coincidence.
Then we can read inHebrews 8 the significance of Jesus coming and ushering in our New Covenant.
8 Now the main point of what we are saying is this: We do have such a high priest, who sat down at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven, 2 and who serves in the sanctuary, the true tabernacle set up by the Lord, not by a mere human being.
3 Every high priest is appointed to offer both gifts and sacrifices, and so it was necessary for this one also to have something to offer. 4 If he were on earth, he would not be a priest, for there are already priests who offer the gifts prescribed by the law. 5 They serve at a sanctuary that is a copy and shadow of what is in heaven. This is why Moses was warned when he was about to build the tabernacle: “See to it that you make everything according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.” [Exodus 25:40] 6 But in fact the ministry Jesus has received is as superior to theirs as the covenant of which he is mediator is superior to the old one, since the new covenant is established on better promises.
7 For if there had been nothing wrong with that first covenant, no place would have been sought for another. 8 But God found fault with the people and said: [this next section should sound familiar as it is Jeremiah 31:31-34]
“The days are coming, declares the Lord,
when I will make a new covenant
with the people of Israel
and with the people of Judah.
9 It will not be like the covenant
I made with their ancestors
when I took them by the hand
to lead them out of Egypt,
because they did not remain faithful to my covenant,
and I turned away from them,
declares the Lord.
10 This is the covenant I will establish with the people of Israel
after that time, declares the Lord.
I will put my laws in their minds
and write them on their hearts.
I will be their God,
and they will be my people.
11 No longer will they teach their neighbor,
or say to one another, ‘Know the Lord,’
because they will all know me,
from the least of them to the greatest.
12 For I will forgive their wickedness
and will remember their sins no more.”
13 By calling this covenant “new,” he has made the first one obsolete/old; and what is obsolete/old and outdated will soon disappear.
Different translations use different words for the translation “obsolete.” The Greek for “Palaios” in Strong’s concordance is “to make or become or declare old,” to “grow old,” “not new or recent.”[xv]
We know this side of Jesus’ resurrection, that the system of temple worship and animal sacrifice are done away with. Jesus was sacrificed once for all, the perfect human and the perfect sacrifice.
Jesus’ mission here on earth ties all of our previous covenants together. He is the Rescuer promised in Genesis, the one to crush the head of the serpent. God’s promises for continuing Creation and never to destroy the earth again in a flood is unconditional. Jesus is The Seed, HaZerah, the One to open the door from just the Chosen Ones, Israel, to the Nations. Through Him, all will be blessed. Jesus is the final atonement for sin, opening the way for all who believe to call on the LORD יהוה. Jesus is called the “Son of David” eighteen times in the Gospels, the fulfillment of the King of Kings, the enduring and everlasting dynasty.
This New Covenant also promised Holy Spirit-generated renewal and transformation to everyone who puts their faith in Jesus’ atoning sacrifice. The Spirit lives within all believers now. This covenant stands on grace, a free gift to any who receive it.
The best part? This New Covenant is offered to everyone.
We can read in Hebrews 9:15 that,“Christ is the mediator of a new covenant, that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance—now that he has died as a ransom to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant.”
We will all die right? Our bodies are wasting away right now. It’s called aging. You know, reading glasses, gravity taking its toll, wrinkles, gray, thinning hair, atrophying muscles.
Yet our soul’s do not need to experience death. Jesus came to redeem us.
Our response?
- We need to believe God’s promises. The best Promise is Jesus, Yeshua, our Salvation.
- Because of God’s covenants with Israel, and the New Covenant offered to all, believers are set free from sin.
- We all now live in the future New Covenant and have the promise and power of the Holy Spirit, the Advocate, so we can live a life that pleases God.
- We get to embrace the Hope that replaces desperation as we are transformed by the Holy Spirit: in our thoughts, in our words, in what we do in our lives.
God’s covenantal promises are secured by His flawless character. A promise is only as strong as the one making the promise. God is trustworthy and faithful, the ultimate Promise Keeper. He has unlimited power, unlimited knowledge, and unlimited integrity. Remember our verses from Titus 1 and Hebrews 6?
- Titus 1:2 God, who does not lie
- Hebrews 6:18 It is impossible for God to lie
Because of God’s integrity, we can believe Him who sent Jesus to make all things new.
The sign of this covenant, Jesus promised is in His blood, and we celebrate it in what the church calls the Lord’s Supper or Holy Communion. We can find references in the gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke:
Matthew 26:28 28 This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.
Mark 14:24 24 “This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many,”
Luke 22:20 20 In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.
1 Corinthians 11:25 25 In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.”
God has instituted a new circumcision as well, for all believers. With this belief, celebration of the blood of the covenant, the circumcision of our hearts, we are promised the gift of the Spirit through baptism. Let’s read in,
Colossians 2:11-15 11 In him you were also circumcised with a circumcision not performed by human hands. Your whole self ruled by the flesh was put off when you were circumcised by Christ, 12 having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through your faith in the working of God, who raised him from the dead. God made you alive with Christ. He forgave us all our sins, 14 having canceled the charge of our legal indebtedness, which stood against us and condemned us; he has taken it away, nailing it to the cross. 15 And having disarmed the powers and authorities, he made a public spectacle of them, triumphing over them by the cross.
Therefore, our job?
2 Cor 3:6-18 He has made us competent as ministers of a new covenant 7 Now if the ministry that brought death, which was engraved in letters on stone, came with glory, so that the Israelites could not look steadily at the face of Moses because of its glory, transitory though it was, 8 will not the ministry of the Spirit be even more glorious? 9 If the ministry that brought condemnation was glorious, how much more glorious is the ministry that brings righteousness! 10 For what was glorious has no glory now in comparison with the surpassing glory. 11 And if what was transitory came with glory, how much greater is the glory of that which lasts!
12 Therefore, since we have such a hope, we are very bold. 13 We are not like Moses, who would put a veil over his face to prevent the Israelites from seeing the end of what was passing away. 14 But their minds were made dull, for to this day the same veil remains when the old covenant is read. It has not been removed, because only in Christ is it taken away. 15 Even to this day when Moses is read, a veil covers their hearts. 16 But whenever anyone turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away. 17 Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom. 18 And we all, who with unveiled faces contemplate the Lord’s glory, are being transformed into his image with ever-increasing glory, which comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit.
That was heavy duty doctrine. Here are highlights.
We are ministers. And Christ’s glory is lasting. We have Hope. The Spirit gives us freedom and we are being transformed into Jesus’ image.
One thing I love about my place of worship is that we celebrate this giving of Jesus’ body and blood every Sunday. In fact, I miss it when I go to other places of worship and do not receive this “sign” of the new covenant!
As believers, we are encouraged in
Romans 12:1-2
12 Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship. 2 Do not conform to the pattern of this world but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is—his good, pleasing and perfect will.
Gospel writer, John, calls Jesus’ miracles, signs, and writes about 8 of them. We will go into more detail in the next podcast, The Wedding at Cana, but these “signs” John writes about are proofs, promises, and visuals of this New Covenant ushered in by Jesus.
Let’s wrap this up with our 5 questions:
- Who is the covenant between? God and the Nations
- Are there stipulations? Believe in the saving and atoning blood of Jesus the Messiah for the forgiveness of sins.
- Is there a sign of the covenant? Jesus’ resurrection, Baptism, Forgiveness, Salvation through faith,[xvi] Communion, Jesus’ miracles
- Is the covenant conditional or unconditional? Conditional, based on receiving Jesus’ gift of salvation through faith.
- How long will this covenant last? Forever/Olam
In closing, we fast forwarded through the Hebrew Bible, yet wherever we paused, we saw Jesus.
We chased The Seed, and now get to reflect on how God’s covenantal promises impact each of us personally. Each of them.
In relation to God, it’s always personal.
Way to walk this covenantal journey, you scholars. Let me close with a blessing God tasked the first High Priest, Aaron, to pray over the Israelites.
We can find it in,
Numbers 6:24-24 24 “The LORD יהוה bless you and keep you;
25 the LORD יהוה make his face shine on you and be gracious to you;
26 the LORD יהוה turn his face toward you and give you peace.”
His perfect and everlasting Shalom.
Thanks for joining me on this journey!
Shalom, friends!
**Heather!
©2024 Heather M R Olsen, Illumination: Hebrew Insights. All rights reserved. 
[i] Heather M R Olsen, Lecture, “Matthew, Chapter 1.” The Gospel of Matthew. Bible Study Fellowship, 2021, Fort Collins, CO.
[ii] Heather M R Olsen, Lecture, “Matthew, Chapter 1.” The Gospel of Matthew. Bible Study Fellowship, 2021, Fort Collins, CO.
[iii] Heather M R Olsen, Lecture, “Matthew, Chapter 1.” The Gospel of Matthew. Bible Study Fellowship, 2021, Fort Collins, CO.
[iv] Strong’s Concordance, Hebrew7390. Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages, 2024, biblehub.com/.
[v] Strong’s Concordance, Hebrew 3034. Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages, 2024, biblehub.com/.
[vi] Bible Study Fellowship. “Gospel of Matthew.” AdNotes, www.Bsfinternational.Org , 2021.
[vii] John D. Hannah. “Hannah Commentary.” Bible Study Fellowship, June 2020.
[viii] Myjewishlearning.com. OR messianic Jewish website
[ix] BibleGateway.Com, A Searchable Online Bible in over 150 Versions and 50 Languages., www.biblegateway.com/. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.
[x] BibleGateway.Com, A Searchable Online Bible in over 150 Versions and 50 Languages., www.biblegateway.com/. Accessed 5 Sept. 2024.
[xi] Joseph Yagel, Hebrew Alphabet Letters and their Spiritual Meanings. Monee, IL: 2022.
[xii] Joseph Yagel, Hebrew Alphabet Letters and their Spiritual Meanings. Monee, IL: 2022.
[xiii] Heather M R Olsen, Lecture, “Matthew, Chapter 1.” The Gospel of Matthew. Bible Study Fellowship, 2021, Fort Collins, CO.
[xiv] Bible Study Fellowship. “Gospel of Matthew.” AdNotes, www.Bsfinternational.Org , 2021.
[xv] Strong’s Concordance, Greek “Palaios.” Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages,2024, biblehub.com/.
[xvi] Life Application Study Bible: NIV. Zondervan; Tyndale House Publishers, Inc, 2021, pg 468.
